General urine analysis


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Reduced specific gravity

With a strong decrease in the specific gravity of urine relative to acceptable values, hyposthenuria occurs when the lower limits of the specific gravity drop significantly relative to the lower limits of normal values. This condition occurs in a patient who has begun to significantly increase the daily volume of fluid in any form - juices, water or tea. Males often abuse beer, which affects the density of urine.

Pathologies that are present in the body may also have an impact:

  • diabetes;
  • restoration of edema infiltrates after inflammation;
  • low-calorie diet with a small amount of vitamins and enzymes, dystrophy;
  • pyelonephritis in the chronic stage;
  • interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis;
  • exceeding the dosage of diuretics;
  • excessive intake of liquids during the day.

More on the topic: What does it mean when urea in the blood of an adult is elevated?

Hypo- and hypersthenuria cause a lot of negative consequences for the body, which requires its timely detection and treatment. Diagnosis is carried out using the Zimnitsky method, as well as a general analysis.

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  • Indications for determining the specific gravity of urine

    The direction and interpretation of the results of OAM and functional tests is carried out by a nephrologist, urologist, gynecologist, therapist, family doctor, pediatrician and other specialists.

    • Mandatory screening in the diagnosis of somatic diseases;
    • Preventive examination, clinical examination;
    • Mandatory analysis in the pregnancy preparation and management program;
    • Determination of excess or insufficient hydration (saturation of the body with fluid);
    • Pathologies in the functioning of the heart and circulatory system;
    • Life-threatening conditions (sepsis, shock, massive burns, serious injuries);
    • Diagnosis of diseases: glomerulonephritis (damage to the glomeruli);
    • pyelonephritis (kidney inflammation);
    • renal failure;
    • kidney infarction;
    • oncological processes;
    • amyloidosis (starch accumulation), etc.;
  • Inflammatory and infectious pathologies of other organs of the genitourinary system: bladder, ureters, urethra, prostate, etc.;
  • Diagnosis of hypo- and hypernatremia (decrease or increase in sodium levels in the blood);
  • Diagnostics of diabetes (sugar and non-diabetes).
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    The essence of the analysis

    The specific gravity of urine is normally a determining factor in assessing the ability of the kidneys to produce urine of greater or lesser concentration. This biological substance is formed in several stages.

    • Filtration of blood in glomerular structures with the formation of primary urine, very similar to plasma. The difference is that plasma protein and carbohydrate particles are much larger. Up to 160 liters of such liquid are formed per day.
    • Sedimentation of urine into the kidney tubules, where all necessary substances are reabsorbed.
    • Formation of secondary urine from the remaining fluid containing waste.

    This produces urine that is released out. It has a liquid part and a dry residue, which contains a number of components determined in OAM.

    1. Urea.
    2. Salt crystals of uric acid.
    3. Sulfate salts.
    4. Chlorides.
    5. Ammonia ions.

    It doesn’t matter how many fluids enter the body during the day, all metabolic products are eliminated. If a person drinks little, the urine will simply be more concentrated. If the patient drinks a lot, then there will be little dry residue, and the urine will be diluted, since the kidneys remove not only by-products, but also excess water.

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    Why does urine density increase?

    Several factors contribute to an increase in the density and specific gravity of urine, which differ for children, pregnant women and adults. Deviations can be either physiological or pathological.

    Pathological causes are associated with the development of diseases in the body, and physiological ones depend on temporary factors of human life in the form of increased sweating, intake of a significant amount of fluid, and so on.

    Hypersthenuria in pregnant women

    A woman carrying a child experiences toxicosis, which is an acceptable indicator for this particular condition for her body. It is toxicosis that causes hypersthenuria, since fluid is retained in the vital systems, which specialists associate with gestosis. The presence of gestosis especially provokes an increase in urine density.

    Hypersthenuria in children

    In a child, the specific gravity of urine increases with kidney disease and changes in the kidney tissue. Quite often, intestinal infections appear in the child’s body or intoxication occurs due to prolonged vomiting or diarrhea.

    More on the topic: How is a polyp of the urethra in women treated?

    During these processes, severe dehydration of the child’s entire body occurs, which increases the density of urine. The specific gravity of urine is greatly increased in the first days of the baby, but doctors point to the physiological reasons for this deviation, and within 24 hours the tests come to acceptable levels.

    Hypersthenuria in adults

    In an adult patient, an increase in the density of the secreted fluid occurs due to a number of factors. Clinical practice has revealed the most common causes:

    1. Development of proteinuria and protein excretion in the urine;
    2. Elevated glucose levels, which often occurs with diabetes. This condition is called glucosuria by specialists;
    3. Kidney failure, glomerulonephritis, nephritis, cystitis and other infectious pathologies;
    4. A course of treatment with medications that are excreted by the body too intensively. These drugs include all antibiotics and diuretics.
    5. Dehydration and lack of fluid in the body, especially in cases where the patient takes very little water per day;
    6. Dehydration of a severe organic type, associated with being in a hot room, with severe sweating, vomiting and prolonged diarrhea.

    By and large, the density of urine is the same for all patients, regardless of age and gender. To identify the root causes of the disorder, a Zimnitsky test should be analyzed, which will also indicate existing problems with the kidneys and examine their functionality.

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